Who represents the buyer?
Portugal vs. markets with buyer's agent infrastructure
Portugal (default)
Agent loyalty
Seller's mediador
Who pays agent
Seller pays 5% + 23% IVA
Fiduciary duty to buyer
No — Law 15/2013
Shared listing system
No MLS
Dual agency disclosure
Not required
Buyer's agent licensing
No category in law
Physical inspection
Not performed by agent
US / UK / Australia
Agent loyalty
Dedicated buyer's agent
Who pays agent
Commission split from seller (MLS)
Fiduciary duty to buyer
Yes — statutory obligation
Shared listing system
MLS / shared databases
Dual agency disclosure
Required and consented
Buyer's agent licensing
Regulated category
Physical inspection
Separate professional
Sources: Lei n.º 15/2013, de 8 de fevereiro (IMPIC/AMI framework) · NAR (US buyer representation) · RICS (UK) · Consumer Affairs Australia · Savvy Cat Realty, 2025